Spirituality and the 12-Steps Study
A Luminous Doom: Death Anxiety Along the Spectrum of Substance Abuse and Recovery –
by Nicholas Grant Boeving, Ph.D.
This cross-sectional, mixed-methods study was the first to systematically investigate the distribution of death anxiety along the spectrum of substance use. The primary research question was whether participation in Alcoholics Anonymous by individuals with substance abuse is associated with lower levels of Death Anxiety and higher levels of Purpose in Life. Fifty-two people were recruited to take a series of web-based surveys requiring approximately 30-45 minutes to complete. Five people reported never having used substances (their data was excluded from the hypothesis testing and analysis.) Ten participants reported less than 12 months sober, and n = 28 participants reported having completed greater than 12 months of sobriety. ANOVA showed that the relationship between the sobriety group and Death Anxiety was not significant, F(1,38) = .003, p = .96, while a linear regression revealed the same nonsignificant pattern (B = 0.00, SE = 0.003, p = .984). ANOVA showed that there was a relationship between sobriety group and Purpose in Life, with total scale scores at F(1,38) = 19.30, p < .001. Linear regression indicated that duration of sobriety explained 13.6% of the variance (R 2 = .136, F(1,37) = 5.67, p < .05). Death Anxiety and Purpose in Life scale scores were negatively associated, but this relationship was not a significant correlation, r = -.22, p = .17. A correlation assessed between Death Anxiety and duration of active sobriety was not significant: r = .012, p = .95. A correlation between Purpose in Life and duration of active sobriety was not significant: r = .15, p = .45. The following 6 themes and 3 subthemes emerged from qualitative data collected from participants: (a) Forgiveness, (b) Death Anxiety, (c) Meaningful Vocation, (d) Miracle, (e) Spiritual but not Religious, and (f) Gradual Awakening, with three subthemes of (a) Anomalous Experience, (b) Education and (c) Pivotal Moment. Exploratory analyses revealed an association between reported Purpose in Life and mystical experience with engagement in the 12-step program.
Many thanks to the AT Center for providing a space in which to both recruit study participants and to conduct interviews and data analysis.
For more information about our first study co-sponsored by the 12-step Institute please contact Dr. Boeving at:
nboeving@hotmail.com